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| CONTENTS : - OTOLOGY - OPHTHALMOLOGY - PHARMACOLOGY |
| EMBRYOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY |
| EMBRYOLOGY |
| ASSESSMENT | INVESTIGATIONS |
| PATHOLOGY | SYMPTOMS | INFECTION |
| OTOLOGY |
| OPHTHALMOLOGY |
| PHARMACOLOGY |
| ABNORMAL MOTOR POSTURING |
| Decorticate (flexor) posturing Decerebrate (extensor) posturing |
| DYSKINESIAS |
| Chorea Diseases Characterized by Chorea Athetosis Hemiballismus |
| MOVEMENT DISORDERS |
| Akathisia Asterixis Athetosis Chorea Dystonia Essential tremor Intention tremor Resting tremor Hemiballismus Myoclonus Restless legs syndrome |
| APHASIAS |
| Broca (expressive) Wernicke (receptive) Conduction Global |
| DEGENERATIVE DISEASES |
| Motor Neuron Lesions Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Werdnig-Hoffman disease (infantile spinal muscular atrophy type) Poliomyelitis Cerebral Cortex Lesions -Alzheimer disease -Frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease) -Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Prion diseases (spongiform encephalopathies): -Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Kuru, fatal familial insomnia (FFI) -Multi-infarct (vascular) dementia Basal Ganglia Lesions -Huntington disease -Parkinson disease (PD) Wilson disease Spinocerebellar Lesions Olivopontocerebellar atrophy Friedreich ataxia Progressive Supranuclear Palsy -HIV-associated dementia |
| DEMYELINATING DISEASES |
| -Multiple Sclerosis Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Acute Disseminated (Postinfectious) Encephalomyelitis Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (Central Pontine Myelinolysis) Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Krabbe disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, adrenoleukodystrophy |
| SEIZURES |
| Partial (one area of the brain) (focal) Simple partial Complex partial Generalized Absence Myoclonic Tonic-clonic Tonic Atonic |
| CEREBRAL EDEMA Cytotoxic edema Vasogenic edema |
| CEREBRAL CONTUSION |
| PRIMARY BRAIN NEOPLASMS |
| Adult peak incidence Glioblastoma multiforme Hemangioblastoma Meningioma Oligodendroglioma Pinealoma Schwannoma-neurofibroma Pituitary Adenomas Childhood peak incidence Craniopharyngioma Ependymoma Medulloblastoma Pilocytic astrocytoma Retinoblastoma Pineal gland tumors |
| NEUROCUTANEOUS DISORDERS |
| Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT, Louis-Bar syndrome) Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1, von Recklinghausen disease) Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome |
| SPINAL CORD & PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS |
| Motor neuron signs Comparison of Lower & Upper Motor Neuron Lesions Weakness Atrophy Fasciculations Reflexes Tone Babinski Spastic paresis Flaccid paralysis Clasp knife spasticity Upper Extremity Nerve Injury Lower Extremity Nerve Injury Spinal lesions Spinal muscular atrophy Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Complete occlusion of anterior spinal artery Tabes dorsalis (Tertiary Syphilis) Syringomyelia Subacute Combined Degeneration (Vitamin B12 Defciency) Cauda equina syndrome Brown-Séquard Syndrome Poliomyelitis Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Klumpke Palsy) Friedreich ataxia |
| PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY |
| Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy |
| CRANIAL NERVE PALSY |
| Common cranial nerve lesions CN V motor lesion CN X lesion CN XI lesion CN XII lesion (LMN) Cranial Nerve Palsies CN III CN IV CN V motor lesion CN VII CN X lesion CN XI lesion CN XII lesion (LMN) Defects in Eye Movement CN III Lesion CN IV Lesion CN VI Lesion Facial Lesions UMN Lesion LMN Lesion Visual Field Defects Uveitis Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Syndrome) |
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS |
| Viral Bacterial (meningitis) Fungal Parasitic Brain abscess Meningitis |
| HERNIATION SYNDROMES |
| Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation under falx cerebri Central/downward transtentorial herniation Uncal transtentorial herniation Cerebellar tonsillar herniation into the foramen magnum |
| HEADACHE SYNDROMES |
| Migraines Tension-Type Headaches Cluster Headaches Trigeminal Neuralgia |
| OTOLOGY |
| Auditory anatomy and physiology Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Otitis externa Malignant (necrotizing) otitis externa Otitis media Mastoiditis Common causes of hearing loss Noise-induced hearing loss Presbycusis Diagnosing hearing loss Normal Conductive Sensorineural Types of hearing loss Cholesteatoma Vertigo Peripheral vertigo Central vertigo |
| OPHTHALMOLOGY |
| Normal eye anatomy Conjunctivitis Refractive errors Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Lens disorders Presbyopia Cataract Lens dislocation Aqueous humor pathway Trabecular outflow (90%) Uveoscleral outflow (10%) Glaucoma Open-angle glaucoma Angle-closure glaucoma Acute angle-closure glaucoma Retinal disorders Age-related macular degeneration Diabetic retinopathy Hypertensive retinopathy Retinal artery occlusion Retinal vein occlusion Retinal detachment Retinitis pigmentosa Papilledema Leukocoria Uveitis Pupillary control Miosis Pupillary light reflex Mydriasis Relative afferent pupillary defect Marcus Gunn pupil Horner syndrome Ocular motility CN III, IV, VI palsies CN III damage CN IV damage CN VI damage Visual field defects Cavernous sinus Internuclear ophthalmoplegia |
| NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS |
VENTRICULAR SYSTEM MALFORMATIONS NONCOMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS Dandy-Walker Malformation Congenital Aqueduct of Sylvius Stenosis Chiari Malformation COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS Meningitis Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus HYDROCEPHALUS MIMICS Ex Vacuo Ventriculomegaly |
CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS Thrombotic Stroke (Pale Infarction) Embolic Stroke (Hemorrhagic Infarction) Intracranial Hemorrhage Lacunar Infarcts Stroke Presentation According to Cerebral Location of Occlusion |
DYSKINESIAS Chorea Diseases Characterized by Chorea Athetosis Hemiballismus |
APHASIAS |
| DEGENERATIVE DISEASES Progressive Supranuclear Palsy | DEMYELINATING DISEASES Multiple Sclerosis Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Acute Disseminated (Postinfectious) Encephalomyelitis Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (Central Pontine Myelinolysis) |
SEIZURES |
| CEREBRAL EDEMA | CEREBRAL CONTUSION | PRIMARY BRAIN NEOPLASMS Pituitary Adenomas |
NEUROCUTANEOUS DISORDERS |
| SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS Brown-Séquard Syndrome Poliomyelitis Tabes Dorsalis (Tertiary Syphilis) Subacute Combined Degeneration (Vitamin B12 Defciency) Syringomyelia Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Klumpke Palsy) |
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy |
CRANIAL NERVE PALSY Defects in Eye Movement CN III Lesion CN IV Lesion CN VI Lesion Facial Lesions UMN Lesion LMN Lesion Visual Field Defects Uveitis Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Syndrome) |
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS Meningitis |
| HERNIATION SYNDROMES Cingulate/Subfalcine Uncal Cerebellar Tonsillar Transtentorial |
HEADACHE SYNDROMES Migraines Tension-Type Headaches Cluster Headaches Trigeminal Neuralgia |