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Le. First Aid Basic Sciences Organ Systems. Neurology & Special Senses. 3e. 2017.

0 CONTENTS

I EMBRYOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND PHYSIOLOGY

NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Gastrulation
Neurulation
Neural Tube Defects
Spina Bifida
Cross-Section of the Neural Tube

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Formation of Brain Vesicles
Congenital Malformations
Chiari Malformation
Dandy-Walker Syndrome
Hydrocephalus
Microcephaly
Holoprosencephaly

KEY TERMS

MENINGES
Pathology of the Meninges
Epidural Hemorrhage
Subdural Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Meningitis
Meningioma
Carcinomatous Meningitis

VENTRICLES
Ventricular System

BLOOD SUPPLY
Circle of Willis
Dural Veins and Sinuses

CEREBRAL CORTEX
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobes

DEEP BRAIN STRUCTURES
Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
Internal Capsule
Hypothalamus
Diseases of the Hypothalamus

CEREBELLUM
Anatomy
Major Pathways
Cerebellar Dysfunction and Syndromes

BRAIN STEM
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

SPINAL CORD
Blood Supply
Function
Levels of the Spinal Cord
Unique Structures
Myotatic Reflex
Reflexes and Corresponding Levels
Cross-Section of the Spinal Cord
Tracts of the Spinal Cord
Corticospinal Tracts
Sensory Pathways   
Brown-Séquard Syndrome
Lesions of the Spinal Cord

CRANIAL NERVES
Cranial Nerve Lesions

SENSORY PATHWAYS
Visual System
Visual Pathway
Auditory System
Auditory Pathway
Hearing Defects
Vestibular System
Labyrinth
Vestibular Pathways
Olfactory System
Olfactory Pathway
Gustatory System
Gustatory Pathway

II HISTOLOGY
Cells of the nervous system
Neurons
Neuroglia   
Intercellular communication
Synapses
Neuromuscular Junction
Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction
Sensory Corpuscles   
Organization of Peripheral Nerves

 III PATHOLOGY

NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS

VENTRICULAR SYSTEM MALFORMATIONS
NONCOMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS
Dandy-Walker Malformation
Congenital Aqueduct of Sylvius Stenosis
Chiari Malformation
COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS
Meningitis
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
HYDROCEPHALUS MIMICS
Ex Vacuo Ventriculomegaly

CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS
Thrombotic Stroke (Pale Infarction)
Embolic Stroke (Hemorrhagic Infarction)
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Lacunar Infarcts
Stroke Presentation According to Cerebral Location of Occlusion

DYSKINESIAS
Chorea
Diseases Characterized by Chorea
Athetosis
Hemiballismus

APHASIAS

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

DEMYELINATING DISEASES
Multiple Sclerosis
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Acute Disseminated (Postinfectious) Encephalomyelitis
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculopathy
Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (Central Pontine Myelinolysis)

SEIZURES

CEREBRAL EDEMA

CEREBRAL CONTUSION

PRIMARY BRAIN NEOPLASMS
Pituitary Adenomas

NEUROCUTANEOUS DISORDERS

SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS
Brown-Séquard Syndrome
Poliomyelitis
Tabes Dorsalis (Tertiary Syphilis)
Subacute Combined Degeneration (Vitamin B12 Defciency)
Syringomyelia
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Klumpke Palsy)

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy

CRANIAL NERVE PALSY
Defects in Eye Movement
CN III Lesion
CN IV Lesion
CN VI Lesion
Facial Lesions
UMN Lesion
LMN Lesion
Visual Field Defects
Uveitis
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Syndrome)

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS
Meningitis

HERNIATION SYNDROMES
Cingulate/Subfalcine
Uncal
Cerebellar Tonsillar
Transtentorial

HEADACHE SYNDROMES
Migraines
Tension-Type Headaches
Cluster Headaches
Trigeminal Neuralgia

IV PHARMACOLOGY

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Glutamate
Glycine
Histamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine)

AUTONOMIC DRUGS
Neuromuscular Junction Blocking Agents
Depolarizing Agents
Nondepolarizing Agents
Cholinomimetic Agents
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Anticholinergic (Muscarinic) Drugs

SEAFOOD TOXINS
Tetrodotoxin
Ciguatoxin
Scombroid Poisoning

ANXIOLYTICS AND HYPNOTICS
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Opioids
Buspirone

ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Nontricyclic HeterocyclicAntidepressants

NEUROLEPTICS
First-Generation Antipsychotics
Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics

MOOD STABILIZERS AND ANTICONVULSANTS
Mood Stabilizers
Anticonvulsants

TREATMENTS FOR NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE
Drugs Used to Treat Alzheimer Disease
Drugs Used to Treat Parkinson Disease
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors

CLINICAL ANESTHETICS AND ANALGESICS
General Anesthetics
Stages of Anesthesia
Method of Delivery
Inhaled Anesthetics
Intravenous Anesthetics
Barbiturates (Thiopental)
Benzodiazepines (Midazolam)
Ketamine (Arylcyclohexylamine)
Opioids (Morphine, Fentanyl, Sufentanil)
Propofol