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TOC
EMBRYOLOGY

DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART - MORPHOGENESIS
EMBRYONIC HEART STRUCTURES & ADULT DERIVATIVES
DEVELOPMENT & LOOPING OF HEART TUBE - CARDIAC LOOPING
(AV) canal
FORMATION OF SEPTA - SEPTATION OF THE CHAMBERS
Atrioventricular Canal Septum
endocardial cushions
endocardial cushion defects
Atrial Septum - Atria
septum primum  ostium primum Patent foramen ovale
ostium secundum
septum secundum
foramen ovale
atrial septal defect (ASD)
Interventricular Septum - Ventricles
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Aorticopulmonary Septum - Outflow tract formation
Persistent truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Valve development

AORTIC ARCH DERIVATIVES

HEART EMBRYOLOGY

SUMMARY OF CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS
CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS
right-to-left shunting
5Ts
Tetralogy of Fallot (most common cause of early cyanosis)
Transposition of the great vessels
Truncus arteriosus
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Tricuspid atresia
ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS
Stenotic Lesions
Coarctation of the Aorta
Congenital Aortic Stenosis
Left-to-Right Shunts
Ventricular Septal Defect
Atrial Septal Defect
Patent Ductus Arteriosus

CONGENITAL CARDIAC DEFECT ASSOCIATIONS

FETAL-POSTNATAL DERIVATIVES

FETAL ERYTHROPOIESIS
ORGAN INVOLVEMENT
HEMOGLOBIN

FETAL CIRCULATION

TOC
ANATOMY

SURFACES AND BORDERS OF THE HEART
Ortner syndrome

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE HEART AND GREAT VESSELS

HEART VALVES AND SITES OF AUSCULTATION

LAYERS OF THE HEART
ENDOCARDIUM
MYOCARDIUM
PERICARDIUM
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
parietal layer
visceral layer  epicardium

CORONARY ARTERY ANATOMY- CORONARY BLOOD SUPPLY
MAJOR BRANCHES
DOMINANT CIRCULATION
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

CONDUCTION SYSTEM
SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE
AV NODE
ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE
BUNDLE OF HIS

TOC
PHYSIOLOGY

CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
conducting and contractile cells
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
equilibrium (or Nernst) potential (EK)
CARDIAC ACTION POTENTIALS
Fast-Response (Ventricular) Action Potential
Slow-Response (Pacemaker) Action Potential
Cardiac Pacemakers
automaticity
native pacemakers overdrive suppress  latent pacemakers
Conduction Velocity
Refractory Period
closure of Na+ channel inactivation gates
Absolute
Effective
Relative

CARDIAC MUSCLE & CONTRACTION
EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING
L-type Ca+ channels
Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release
Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation
Influx of extracellular Ca2+ into myocardial cells L-type Ca2+
Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release ryanodine receptors
Myocardial contraction troponin C tropomyosin
Myocardial relaxation

CARDIAC OUTPUT
afterload, preload, and contractility
FICK’S CARDIAC OUTPUT
STROKE VOLUME
EJECTION FRACTION
DETERMINANTS OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
Afterload
wall stress (σ)
increases
decreases
Preload
Length-Tension Relationship & Contractility (Inotropy)
lengthtension relationship preload
Contractility  independent ejection fraction
Frank-Starling Relationship
length-tension relationship preload (LVEDV or LVEDP) (CO or SV)
positive inotropic agents
negative inotropic agents

PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOPS
compliance curve
1 → 2: ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION (SYSTOLE)
2 → 3: VENTRICULAR EJECTION (SYSTOLE)
3 → 4: ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION (DIASTOLE)
4 → 1: VENTRICULAR FILLING (DIASTOLE)
Rapid filling
slow filling
VARIABLES THAT AFFECT PV LOOPS

CARDIAC & VASCULAR FUNCTION CURVES
Cardiac function curve
Vascular function curve
Steady-state CO and venous return
Mean systemic pressure x-intercept of the vascular function curve
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

THE CARDIAC CYCLE
PRESSURE TRACINGS DURING THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Pressure Changes in Diastole and Systole
Pressure Changes in Left Ventricular Pressure, Aortic Pressure, and Jugular Venous Pressure
HEART SOUNDS
S1 and S2, Splitting

HEMODYNAMICS & PERIPHERAL VASCULAR CIRCULATION
BLOOD
COMPONENTS OF THE VASCULATURE
HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
Velocity of Blood Flow
Blood Flow
Resistance (r)
In parallel
In series
Arterioles are the site of greatest resistance, and they are responsible for the largest drop in arterial pressure
Capacitance (Compliance)
LAMINAR VERSUS TURBULENT FLOW
CAPILLARY FLUID EXCHANGE
Net Filtration Pressure
Net Fluid Flow
Lymphatics
Edema

MEASUREMENT & REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE
changes in CO or SVR affect MAP
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure
REGULATION OF MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
BARORECEPTOR REFLEX: SHORT-TERM REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM: LONG-TERM REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
juxtaglomerular cells
AUTOREGULATION

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY

ARRHYTHMIAS

TOC
PATHOLOGY

CONTENTS
Le FA 1  V1 PDF
(Le FA BS 2017) V1 PDF
Medimaps V1 PDF
Minimum Vital V1 PDF

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
Right-to-left shunts
Persistent truncus arteriosus
D-transposition of great arteries
Tricuspid atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Ebstein anomaly
Left-to-right shunts
Ventricular septal defect
Atrial septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Eisenmenger syndrome
Other anomalies
Coarctation of the aorta
Congenital cardiac defect associations

HYPERTENSION
HYPERLIPIDEMIA SIGNS
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Arteriolosclerosis
Mönckeberg sclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Cholesterol emboli syndrome
AORTIC ANEURYSM
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
TRAUMATIC AORTIC RUPTURE
AORTIC DISSECTION
SUBCLAVIAN STEAL SYNDROME
ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE MANIFESTATIONS
Angina
Stable
Vasospastic
Unstable
Coronary steal syndrome
Sudden cardiac death
Chronic ischemic heart disease
Myocardial infarction
NSTEMI
STEMI
Evolution of myocardial infarction
Diagnosis of myocardial infarction
ECG localization of STEMI
Myocardial infarction complications
Cardiac arrhythmia
Peri-infarction pericarditis
Papillary muscle rupture
Interventricular septal rupture
Ventricular pseudoaneurysm
Ventricular free wall rupture
True ventricular aneurysm
Postcardiac injury syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome treatments
Unstable angina/NSTEMI
STEMI
ARRHYTHMIAS
Narrow complex tachycardias
Atrial fibrillation
Multifocal atrial tachycardia
Atrial flutter
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Wide complex tachycardias
Ventricular tachycardia
Torsades de pointes
Ventricular fibrillation
Conduction blocks
First-degree AV block
Second-degree AV block : Mobitz type I (Wenckebach), Mobitz type II
Third-degree (complete) AV block
Bundle branch block
Premature beats
Premature atrial contraction
Premature ventricular contraction
Hereditary channelopathies
Brugada syndrome
Congenital long QT syndrome
Sick sinus syndrome
CARDIOMYOPATHIES
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive/infiltrative cardiomyopathy
HEART FAILURE
Left heart failure
Orthopnea
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Pulmonary edema
Right heart failure
Congestive hepatomegaly
Jugular venous distention
Peripheral edema
High-output heart failure
SHOCK
Hypovolemic shock
Cardiogenic shock
Obstructive shock
Distributive shock
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
Pulsus paradoxus
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
NONBACTERIAL THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS
RHEUMATIC FEVER
SYPHILITIC HEART DISEASE
ACUTE PERICARDITIS
MYOCARDITIS
CARDIAC TUMORS
KUSSMAUL SIGN
HEREDITARY HEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA
VASCULITIDES

REFERENCES

Le. First Aid USMLE Step 1. Cardiovascular. 33e. 2023. 30e. 2020.
Le. First Aid Basic Sciences Organ Systems. Cardiovascular. 3e. 2017.
Aaronson. The Cardiovascular System at a Glance. 4e. 2013.
Medimaps. Cardiology.
Cardiology MediMaps - Maps
http://medimaps.co.uk/cardiology/
Minimum Vital. Cardiologie. 2002.
http://www.blaufuss.org/
Nature
http://www.nature.com/nrcardio/index.html
http://www.nature.com/nrcardio/posters/index.html
http://www.nature.com/nrcardio/posters/dyslipidaemia/index.html
Unsorted
http://www.heartviews.org/
http://www.amazon.com/12-lead-ECG-The-Art-Interpretation/dp/0763773514/ref=dp_ob_title_bk

Pearls and Pitfalls in the Management of CHF - YouTube

MORE REFERENCES

Wayback Machine

PHYSIOLOGY Cardiac Electrophysiology Cardiac Muscle and Contraction Cardiac Output Pressure-Volume Loops Cardiac and Vascular Function Curves The Cardiac Cycle Hemodynamics and Peripheral Vascular Circulation Measurement and Regulation of Arterial Pressure Electrocardiography Arrhythmias

HISTORY, EXAMINATION & INVESTIGATIONS IMAGING/DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Radiography Echocardiography Cardiac Catheterization Nuclear Imaging Stress Testing Pericardiocentesis

PATHOLOGY Genetic & Congenital Hypertension Arteriosclerosis Myocarditis Endocarditis Rheumatic Fever Cardiomyopathies Congestive Heart Failure Aneurysms Heart Murmurs Cardiac Tumors Venous Disease Emboli Shock Pericardial Disease Peripheral Vascular Disease Ischemic Heart Disease Coronary Steal Phenomenon Myocardial Infarction Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease

PHARMACOLOGY Antihypertensive Agents Antianginal Therapy Drugs Used in Heart Failure Antiarrhythmics Lipid-Lowering Agents

ANGOR
L’INFARCTUS DU MYOCARDE
ARRÊT CIRCULATOIRE
EMBOLIE PULMONAIRE (EP)
DISSECTION AORTIQUE AIGÜE
INSUFFISANCE CARDIAQUE GAUCHE
PÉRICARDITE
HYPERTENSION ARTÉRIELLE
SYNCOPE D’ORIGINE CARDIOVASCULAIRE
PROPHYLAXIE ENDOCARDITE
SURVEILLANCE ANTICOAGULATION DES PROTHÈSES
ASSOCIATIONS MÉDICAMENTEUSES À RISQUE