Home  Medias & Documents

Maps > Medicine

Microbiology & Infection - Microbiologie & Infection - Microbiologia & Infezione

NEWS & UPDATES

.

MAPS

.

REFERENCES

* = Clinically Important

INTRODUCTION

IMMUNOLOGY

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

BACTERIOLOGY

>

.

STRUCTURES

.

CLASSIFICATION

.

GENETICS

.	METABOLISM & GROWTH

.	PATHOGENESIS

.

GRAM +

.

GRAM + COCCI

.

STAPHYLOCOCCUS & RELATED GRAM + COCCI

.

STREPTOCOCCUS & ENTEROCOCCUS

.

GRAM + RODS

.

BACILLUS

.

LISTERIA & RELATED GRAM +

.

CLOSTRIDIUM

.

MYCOBACTERIUM & RELATED ACID-FAST

.

.

.

.

.

.

DISEASES

VIROLOGY

CLASSIFICATION

DISEASES

SLOW

ONCOGENIC

PRIONS

MYCOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY

PROTOZOA

HELMINTHS

ARTHROPODS

SYSTEMS

ANTIMICROBIALS

MAPS

CONTENTS
(Hawley BRS) V1 PDF

INTRODUCTION
Classification
Normal Flora
Pathogenicity
Diagnostic   
Sterilization & Disinfection

TOC
IMMUNOLOGY

DIVIRDEPT
IMMUNE CELL CHARACTERISTICS
T, B, AND OTHER CELLS
ANTIBODY
COMPLEMENT CASCADE
CYTOKINES
INNATE IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION
IMMUNE RESPONSES
TH1 VERSUS TH2
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: PART ONE
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS: PART TWO
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS
VACCINES

TOC
DIAGNOSIS

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ANALYSIS

SEROLOGY

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASES

STAINS
Gram Stain
Do not Gram stain well (These Little Microbes May Unfortunately Lack Real Color But Are Everywhere)
Giemsa stain
Clumsy Rick Tripped on a Borrowed Helicopter Plastered in Gems
Periodic acid–Schiff stain
PaSs the sugar
Ziehl-Neelsen stain (carbol fuchsin)
India ink stain
Silver stain
HeLiCoPters Are silver
Fluorescent antibody stain
Intracellular Microorganisms
Other Microbiologic Stains & Microscopic Techniques

SPECIAL CULTURE REQUIREMENTS - MEDIA FOR ISOLATING OR IDENTIFYING SELECTED BACTERIA Properties of growth media
SELECTIVE/DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA
Mannitol salt agar
MacConkey Agar Lactose-fermenting enterics
Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar E coli
Hektoen enteric (HE) agar
SPECIAL MEDIA
BCYE agar
Chocolate Agar H influenzae
Lowenstein-Jensen agar M tuberculosis
Tellurite Agars C diphtheriae
Thayer-Martin (VCN) Agar N gonorrhoeae, N meningitidis

Bordet-Gengou Medium Agar B pertussis
Bile Esculin Agar
Eaton agar M pneumoniae
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron Brucella, Francisella, Legionella, Pasteurella
Sabouraud agar Fungi

KEY TESTS
Catalase
Coagulase
Hemolysis
Oxidase
Lactose fermentation (+)
Lactose fermentation (-)
Neisseria: sugar fermentation

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF VIRAL DISEASES
Microscopic Examination of Clinical Specimens
Viral Isolation (growth in tissue culture)
Laboratory Assays for Detecting Viral Proteins
Viral Nucleic Acids
Serology

TOC
BACTERIOLOGY
(Moi Bacteriology) V1 PDF
(Moi Bacteria Classification) V1 PDF
(Moi Bacteria Laboratory) V1 PDF
(Moi Bacteria G+) V1 PDF
(Moi Bacteria G-) V1 PDF
(Moi Bacteria Anaerobic) V1 PDF
(Moi Bacteria Mycobac) V1 PDF
(Moi Bacteria Pleomorphic) V1 PDF
(Moi Bacteria Spirochetes) V1 PDF

BACTERIAL STRUCTURES
APPENDAGES
Flagellum
Pilus/fimbria
SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES
Spore
CELL ENVELOPE (Gram + Gram -)
Capsule/Biofilm
Slime (S) layer
Outer membrane G -
LPS
Periplasm
Cell wall
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasmic membrane - Plasma Membrane
CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURES
COMPARISON OF GRAM-POSITIVE AND GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
PEPTIDOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS

BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION
BASICS OF GRAM STAIN PROCEDURE
INTERPRETATION
BACTERIAL GROWTH & METABOLISM
Nonselective Media
Selective and Indicator
Special Media
ESSENTIAL FACTS

BACTERIAL GENETICS
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
Transposition
ESSENTIAL FACTS AND DEFINITIONS

METABOLISM & GROWTH Death
SPORULATION

TOC
BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS
BACTERIAL VIRULENCE MECHANISMS: “EAT RICE”
Enzymes: degradative enzymes
Adherence: pili, M protein, lipoteichoic acid, MSCRAMM (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules)
Toxins: exo and endo
Resistance to antibiotics
Invasion of normally sterile body sites
Circulation (septicemia/bacteremia): spread through host
Evasion of immune responses: capsule, intracellular growth, catalase, evasion of lysosomal action
ADHERENCE
INVASION
BYPRODUCTS OF GROWTH (ACID AND GAS)
INDUCTION OF INFLAMMATION AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
EVASION OF PHAGOCYTOSIS AND IMMUNE CLEARANCE
CAPSULE - CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE - ENCAPSULATED BACTERIA
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae A , Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and group B Strep
Please SHiNE my SKiS
ENCAPSULATED BACTERIA VACCINES
No Spleen Here
N meningitidis S pneumoniae H influenzae
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
TOXINS
SUPERANTIGENS
ENDOTOXIN
DEGRADATIVE ENZYMES (EXAMPLES)
ENTEROTOXINS
VIRULENCE  FACTORS
Protein A
S Aureus.
IgA Proteases
Secreted by S pneumoniae, H influenzae type b, and Neisseria (SHiN)
M protein
molecular mimicry
MAIN FEATURES OF EXOTOXINS AND ENDOTOXINS
BACTERIA WITH EXOTOXINS
Inhibit protein synthesis
Increase fluid secretion
Inhibit phagocytic ability
Inhibit release of neurotransmitter
Lyse cell membranes
Superantigens causing shock
ENDOTOXINS
Edema
Nitric oxide
DIC/Death
Outer membrane
TNF-α
O-antigen + core polysaccharide + lipid A
eXtremely heat stable
IL-1 and IL-6
Neutrophil chemotaxis
Shock

AEROBES
ANAEROBES
Clostridium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Actinomyces israelii
Can’t Breathe Fresh Air
AminO2glycosides are ineffective
Facultative anaerobes
Streptococci, staphylococci, and enteric gram ⊝ bacteria

INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA
Obligate intracellular
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella
Stay inside (cells) when it is Really Chilly and Cold
Facultative intracellular
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

UREASE-POSITIVE ORGANISMS
Proteus, Cryptococcus, H pylori, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S epidermidis, S saprophyticus
Pee CHUNKSS

CATALASE-POSITIVE ORGANISMS
Big Catalase ⊕ organisms include Bordetella pertussis, Helicobacter pylori, Burkholderia cepacia, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E coli, Serratia, Staphylococci
Cats Have BeeN to PLACESS

PIGMENT-PRODUCING BACTERIA
Actinomyces israelii—yellow “sulfur” granules,which are composed of filaments of bacteria
S aureus—golden yellow pigment Aureus (Latin) = gold
P aeruginosa—blue-green pigment (pyocyanin and pyoverdin) Aerugula is green
Serratia marcescens—red pigment

IN VIVO BIOFILM-PRODUCING BACTERIA
S epidermidis
Viridans streptococci (S mutans, S sanguinis)
P aeruginosa
Nontypeable (unencapsulated) H influenzae

SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA
Autoclave to kill Bacillus and Clostridium
(ABC)

TOC
GRAM-POSITIVE LAB ALGORITHM

GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI ANTIBIOTIC TESTS
Staphylococci
Streptococci

HEMOLYTIC BACTERIA
α -hemolytic bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci
β -hemolytic bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep), Streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep), Listeria monocytogenes

GRAM + COCCI

TOC
(BACILLALES) CATALASE +
STAPHYLOCOCCUS  & RELATED GRAM + COCCI
GRAPELIKE CLUSTERS

VIRULENCE FACTORS
Protein A, coagulase, teichoic acid adherence, β-lactamase,
resistance to salt (growth on salted meats); toxins: enterotoxin,
exfoliative toxin, toxic shock toxin (superantigen), leukocidin

COAGULASE +
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS * growth on mannitol salts
(Localized skin infections
- Sty
- Furuncles or boils
- Carbuncles
Diffuse skin infection-impetigo (pyoderma)
Deep, localized infections
- Osteomyelitis
- "Septic joint"
Other infections
- Acute endocarditis, septicemia, necrotizing pneumonia
Toxinoses
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Gastroenteritis
- Scalded skin syndrome (bullous impetigo))
Ubiquitous, normal flora

INFLAMMATORY
skin infections,organ abscesses, pneumonia (often after influenza virus infection), infective endocarditis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis
TOXINS
toxic shock syndrome (TSST-1), scalded skin syndrome (exfoliative toxin), rapid-onset food poisoning (enterotoxins)
MRSA (METHICILLIN-RESISTANT S AUREUS)
STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS)
TREATMENT
β-Lactamase–resistant drugs: methicillin, nafcillin,
oxacillin; methicillin-resistant: vancomycin, trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole, daptomycin

COAGULASE -  STAPHYLOCOCCI
"On the office’s “STAPH” retreat, there was NO StRESs"
NOVOBIOCIN +
S. EPIDERMIDIS