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Le. First Aid Basic Sciences General Principles. Biochemistry. 3e. 2017.

CONTENTS

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Nucleotides
General Structure
Purines Versus Pyrimidines
Base Pairing

NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS
Purine Nucleotide Synthesis
De Novo Synthesis
Purine Salvage Pathway
Purine Salvage Deficiencies
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Gout
Severe Combined (T and B) Immunodeficiency
Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis
Hereditary Orotic Aciduria
Nucleotide Degradation
DNA
DNA Synthesis
DNA Structure
Organization of Eukaryotic DNA Supercoiling
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
RNA
RNA Versus DNA
Types of RNA
tRNA Structure
Features of the Genetic Code
Central Dogma
Transcription
Transcription in Prokaryotes
Transcription in Eukaryotes
Translation
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis

MUTATIONS AND DNA REPAIR
Definitions
Mutation
DNA Repair
Types of Mutations
Insertions
Deletions
Amplifications
Chromosomal Translocations
Interstitial Deletions
Chromosomal Inversions
Origins of Mutations
Mutagens
Chemical Agents
Ionizing Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation
DNA Repair
Single-Strand Damage
Double-Strand Breaks
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
G 1 Checkpoint
G 2 Checkpoint
M (Mitosis or Anaphase) Checkpoint
Pathology
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Fanconi Anemia
Cockayne Syndrome
Trichothiodystrophy
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)
Hereditary Breast Cancer
Bloom Syndrome
Werner Syndrome

ENZYMES
General
Nomenclature
Activity
Kinetics
Regulation
pH
Temperature
Concentration
Covalent Modification
Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
Zymogens (Proenzymes)
Allosteric Regulation

THE CELL
Cellular Organelles and Function
Lipids
Proteins

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Classification
Composition
Function
Ground Substance
Proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans
Glycoproteins
Fibers
Collagen Fibers
Clinical Considerations
Reticular Fibers
Elastic Fibers
Cells
Resident Cells
Transient Cells

HOMEOSTASIS AND METABOLISM

CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Intake & Absorption
Glycolysis
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (HMP Shunt)
TCA (Krebs) Cycle
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Fructose Metabolism
Galactose Metabolism
Anaerobic Metabolism and Cori Cycle
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen Metabolism

Urea Cycle

AMINO ACIDS
Amino Acid Metabolism
Amino Acid Structure
Acidic Amino Acids
Basic Amino Acids
The Amino Acid Pool
Replenishment
Depletion
Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids
Metabolic Reactions
Transamination
Oxidative Deamination
Nonessential Amino Acid Biosynthesis
Tyrosine
Serine, Glycine, Cysteine
Alanine
Aspartate, Asparagine
Glutamate, Glutamine, Proline, Arginine
Amino Acid Tissue Metabolism
Amino Acid Transport
Amino Acid Transport Deficiency
Amino Acid Derivatives
Methionine Derivative
Tyrosine Derivatives
Tryptophan Derivatives
Histidine Derivatives
Glycine Derivatives
Arginine Derivatives
Glutamate Derivative
Review of Amino Acid Derivatives
Amino Acid Breakdown
Removal of the α-Amino Group
Alanine-Glucose Cycle
Disposal of the Carbon Skeleton
Amino Acid Metabolic Disorders
Phenylketonuria
Alkaptonuria
Albinism
Homocystinuria
Maple Syrup Urine Disease

NUTRITION
Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-Soluble Vitamins

FED VERSUS UNFED STATE
Overview
The Brain
Muscle Tissue
Adipose Tissue
Glucose Transporters
The Liver
Insulin and the Fed State
Stages of Starvation
Early Starvation (1–3 days)
Late Starvation (3 days or more)
Endocrine Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Molecular Pathways
Fatty Acid Metabolism
Ketones
Anabolism
Catabolism
Ketosis
Lipoproteins
Function and Structure
Dyslipidemias
Special Lipids
Cholesterol
Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids
Eicosanoids
Heme
Structure
Heme Proteins
Heme Synthesis
Defects in Heme Synthesis
Heme Catabolism
Hemoglobin
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Carbon Dioxide

LABORATORY TESTS AND TECHNIQUES
DNA-Based Lab Tests
DNA Gel Electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA Sequencing
Karyotyping
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Southern Blot
RNA-Based Lab Test
Northern Blot
Protein-Based Lab Tests
Protein Gel Electrophoresis
Western Blot
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Immunohistochemistry
Radioimmunoassay

GENETICS
Hardy-Weinberg Genetics
Non–Sex Chromosome Diseases
Sex Chromosome Diseases
Inheritance Properties
Trisomies
Nondisjunction
Chromosomal Translocation
Common Trisomies
Imprint Disorders
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Angelman Syndrome